Integrated Circuit Including a Memory Cell Array

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit includes a memory cell array comprising memory cells with a transistor. The transistors are formed in active areas. The memory cell array further includes bit lines oriented in a first direction and word lines oriented in a second direction. The active areas extend in the second direction. The bottom side of each gate electrode of the transistors is disposed under the bottom side of each word line. In addition, the word lines are disposed over the bit lines.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/152,793 filed Jun. 15, 2005, entitled “Memory Cell Array and Method of Forming the Same,” the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The specification relates to memory cell arrays with a plurality of memory cells, such as Dynamic Random Access memory (DRAM) cells.

BACKGROUND

Memory cells of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) generally comprise a storage capacitor for storing an electrical charge that represents information to be stored, and an access transistor connected with the storage capacitor. The access transistor includes first and second source/drain regions, a channel connecting the first and second source/drain regions, and a gate electrode controlling an electrical current flowing between the first and second source/drain regions. The gate electrode is electrically insulated from the channel by a gate dielectric. The transistor is usually partially formed in a semiconductor substrate, such as a silicon substrate. The portion in which the transistor is formed generally is denoted as the active area.

In conventional DRAM memory cell arrays, the gate electrode forms part of a word line. By addressing the access transistor via the corresponding word line, the information stored in the storage capacitor is read out.

In currently-used DRAM memory cells, the storage capacitor is implemented as a trench capacitor in which the two capacitor electrodes are disposed in a trench that extends into the substrate in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. According to another implementation of a DRAM memory cell, the electrical charge is stored in a stacked capacitor formed above the surface of the substrate.

The access transistor is, for example, implemented as a planar transistor, in which the channel extends horizontally along the surface of the semiconductor substrate.

A known DRAM cell has a grooved transistor, in which the gate electrode is disposed in a groove that extends in the substrate. Thereby, a current flowing from the first to the second source/drain regions and vice versa has horizontal and vertical components perpendicular to the substrate surface. A further improvement of this transistor is also known. A method of forming special contact plugs is also known.

Memory devices usually comprise a memory cell array and a peripheral portion. The peripheral portion includes support circuitry for operating the memory cell array and, for example, sense amplifiers and word line drivers.

SUMMARY

An integrated circuit includes a memory cell array comprising memory cells with a transistor. The transistors are formed in active areas. The memory cell array further includes bit lines oriented in a first direction and word lines oriented in a second direction. The active areas extend in the second direction. The bottom side of each gate electrode of the transistors is disposed under the bottom side of each word line. In addition, the word lines are disposed over the bit lines.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features of the integrated circuit will become more readily apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description set forth with reference to the accompanying drawings which specify and show preferred embodiments of the invention, wherein like elements are designated by the same references throughout the drawings; and in which:

FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7, 8, and 9 show corresponding views of the memory cell array during formation of the memory cell array according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10A shows a cross-sectional view of the memory cell array of the present invention;

FIG. 10B shows a plan view on the memory cell array of the present invention; and

FIG. 11 shows a plan view of a memory device comprising the memory cell array of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which are illustrated by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In this regard, directional terminology such as “top,” “bottom,” “front,” “back,” “leading,” “trailing,” etc., is used with reference to the orientation of the Figures being described. Because components of embodiments of the present invention can be positioned in a number of different orientations, the directional terminology is used for purposes of illustration and in no way limiting. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.

According to an embodiment, a memory cell array includes a plurality of memory cells, a plurality of bit lines oriented in a first direction, a plurality of word lines oriented in a second direction, a semiconductor substrate with a surface and a plurality of active area lines formed therein, and a plurality of access transistors partially formed in the active area lines and electrically coupling corresponding storage capacitors to corresponding bit lines. Each memory cell may include a storage capacitor and an access transistor. The second direction intersects the first direction and may be perpendicular to the first direction. Each access transistor may include a first source/drain region connected to an electrode of the storage capacitor, a second source/drain region adjacent to the substrate surface, a channel region connecting the first and second source/drain regions, and a gate electrode disposed along the channel region. The channel region is disposed in the active area. The gate electrode controls an electrical current flowing between the first and second source/drain regions and is connected to one of the word lines. Each active area extends in the second direction. Each gate electrode and each word lines includes a bottom side. The bottom side of the gate electrodes is disposed under the bottom side of the word lines. The word lines are disposed over the bit lines.

For example, the word lines have a larger distance measured perpendicularly with respect to a substrate surface than the bit lines. This is in contrast to known memory cell arrays in which the word lines are directly adjacent to the substrate surface, and the bit lines are arranged over the word lines. For example, each gate electrode may be connected to a corresponding word line via a gate contact. In this case, the coupling between adjacent bit lines is largely decreased because the gate contacts effectively shield the bit lines from each other.

In addition, since the bottom side of the gate electrodes is disposed between the bottom sides of the word lines, formation of the gate electrodes is separated from the formation of the word lines. As a consequence, formation of the word lines in the memory cell array is separated from formation of the gate electrodes in the peripheral portion. Thereby, forming the gate electrodes in the peripheral portion and forming the word lines in the array portion is optimized.

According to an embodiment, the gate electrode is disposed in a groove that extends in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. As a result, the array transistor is, for example, a recess-channel-array transistor (RCAT) with improved retention time characteristics. Retention time refers to the time during which information is recognizably stored in a memory cell.

According to an exemplary embodiment, the storage capacitor is a trench capacitor with the first and a second capacitor electrodes and the dielectric layer are arranged in a trench that extends in the semiconductor substrate. The dielectric layer is disposed between the first and second capacitor electrodes.

The storage capacitor is, for example, a stacked capacitor in which the first and second capacitor electrodes and the capacitor dielectric are disposed above the substrate surface.

The memory cell array, for example, includes an insulating spacer that electrically insulates the gate electrode from the first and second source/drain regions. The insulating spacer is extended, for example, perpendicularly with respect to the semiconductor substrate surface. Thereby, the electrical field of the gate electrode is shielded from the first and second source/drain regions to reduce a leakage current and increase a retention time.

According to an embodiment, the channel connecting the first and second source/drain regions includes, for example, vertical portions and a horizontal portion with respect to the substrate surface. The horizontal portion is adjacent to the bottom side of the gate electrode.

Further, the horizontal portion of the channel includes a region doped with a dopant of the conductivity type of the channel at a concentration higher than the dopant concentration of the channel. For example, if the channel is p-doped, the horizontal portion of the channel includes a p⁺-doped portion. Thereby, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be adjusted.

For instance, the word lines are made of a metal. Thereby, the conductivity of the word lines is increased.

In addition, a method of forming a memory cell array includes providing a semiconductor substrate having a surface, providing a plurality of storage capacitors, defining a plurality of active area lines in the semiconductor substrate, providing a plurality of access transistors by providing a first source/drain region in one of the active areas, electrically connecting the first source/drain region with an electrode of the storage capacitor, providing a second source/drain region in the active area at a position adjacent to the substrate surface, providing a gate electrode disposed along the channel region, providing a plurality of bit lines extending in a first direction, and providing a plurality of word lines extending in a second direction. Each word line is connected to a plurality of gate electrodes. The active areas extend in the second direction. Each gate electrode and each word line include a bottom side. The bottom side of the gate electrodes is disposed beneath the bottom side of the word lines. Providing the bit lines occurs before providing the word lines.

In the following paragraphs, exemplary embodiments of the device are described in connection with the figures.

FIG. 10A shows a cross-sectional view of the memory cell array according to an embodiment of the present invention. Each memory cell may include a storage capacitor that may be implemented as a trench capacitor 3. The trench capacitor 3 may be formed in a trench extending in the semiconductor substrate, such as a silicon substrate 1. The inner capacitor electrode, the outer capacitor electrode, and the capacitor dielectric may be formed in the trench. For example, the trench capacitor includes an inner and an outer electrode. The outer electrode (not shown in this drawing) may be adjacent to a side wall of the trench. The inner electrode 31 may be connected via a polysilicon filling 36, a buried strap outdiffusion portion 33, and a channel implantation portion 41 to the first source/drain region 121 of the transistor 16.

In the upper portion of the trench, an isolation collar 32 is provided as is known. On top of the trench, a trench top oxide 34 electrically insulates the trench from the remaining portions of the memory cell array. The transistor 16 may include a first source/drain region 121 and a second source/drain region 122. The gate electrode 85 of the transistor may be formed in a gate groove extending in the substrate. The gate electrode 85 is insulated from the channel connecting the first and second source/drain regions 121, 122 by a gate oxide 80. As shown, a current path 15 of a current flow between the first and second source/drain regions 121, 122 may include vertical components and horizontal components with respect to the substrate surface 10. Optionally, a channel implantation portion 41 may be provided at the bottom portion of the channel. By the implanted portion, the threshold voltage of the transistor is set so that a relatively large retention time is obtained. In addition, optionally, an asymmetric doped portion 123 is provided near the second source/drain region 122 to weaken the electrical field in this portion and increase the threshold voltage of the transistor. Thereby, the characteristics of the transistor 16 are further improved. As an additional option, an inner spacer 86 shields the electrical field of the gate electrode 85 from the first and second source/drain regions 121, 122, thereby eliminating a leakage current that would degrade the retention characteristics of the memory cell.

For example, the channel 14 is lightly p⁻-doped and the first and the second source/drain regions are n-doped. The asymmetric doped portion is p-doped. The implanted channel portion is p-doped.

Referring to FIG. 10B, the illustrated cross-sectional view is taken along an active area 12, between I and I. Bit lines 9 are arranged in a direction, for example, perpendicular to the direction of the active areas 12. As shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, each second bit line 9 a may be connected via a bit line contact 90 with a corresponding implanted portion 42 that is connected with the second source/drain region 122. Each second bit line 9 b may be insulated from the active area line beneath. The bit lines 9 a connected with the transistors are referred to active bit lines. The bit lines 9 b, which are not connected with the transistors that are lying beneath the bit lines in the depicted cross-sectional view, are referred to as passing bit lines. Each bit line may be covered by a bit line insulator layer 91. The side walls of each bit line may be covered by a bit line insulator 92. Above the bit line level, word lines 8 are arranged in a direction parallel to the direction of the active areas 12. The word line 8 is connected with a gate electrode 85 via a gate contact 83. The word line 8 is insulated from the bit lines by a BPSG layer 81, for example. The bottom side of the word line 8 a is disposed above the bottom side of the gate electrode 85 a.

In operation, a memory cell is selected, for example, by activating the corresponding word line 8. The word line 8 is connected with the shown gate electrodes 85. By activating the word line 8, the transistor 16 is turned on, whereby information stored in the trench capacitor is read out via the buried strap out diffusion portion 33, the implanted portion 42, the first source/drain region 121, and the second source/drain-region 122, and transmitted to the bit line 9 a via the bit line contact 90.

As shown in FIG. 10A, the coupling between neighboring bit lines 9 b, 9 a is decreased because of the gate contacts 83 disposed between adjacent bit lines. In addition, since the word line 8 is disposed on top of the bit lines, formation of the word lines is separated from formation of the gate electrodes. As a result, the word lines are formed of a metal, thereby decreasing the resistance of the word lines. In addition, the bit line contacts 90 are formed to have a relatively smaller length whereby the characteristics of the memory cell array are further improved. The bit line contacts 90 have a relatively smaller aspect ratio of depth to diameter. As a result, the R-C-characteristics of the device are improved.

The steps for forming the memory cell array shown in FIG. 10A will be described in detail. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 1A shows the structure obtained after forming the capacitor trenches and after patterning and filling the isolation trenches whereby the active areas are defined. For example, this structure is obtained by depositing a pad oxide layer (not shown) and a silicon nitride layer 17, as is commonly used in the art, on a semiconductor substrate 1, for example, a silicon substrate, by generally well known methods.

Thereafter, the capacitor trenches are photolithographically defined by known methods. For example, openings corresponding to openings in a trench mask are etched into a hard mask layer (not shown), which is deposited above the silicon nitride layer 17. Thereafter, the openings are etched into the silicon nitride layer 17, the pad oxide layer, and the silicon substrate 1.

In addition, a first capacitor electrode and the capacitor dielectric are formed by generally known methods. Thereafter, a polysilicon filling 31 is filled into the capacitor trenches, the polysilicon filling is recessed, and an isolation collar 32 is formed in the upper portion of the trench capacitor to suppress a parasitic transistor, which could otherwise be formed at this portion. The polysilicon filling 31 forms the inner capacitor electrode. The resulting structure is filled with a second polysilicon filling and planarized by known methods. Thereafter, the polysilicon filling is recessed so that the surface of the silicon filling 36 is above the substrate surface 10. Thereby, a connection between the inner capacitor electrode 31 and the transistor is implemented as a single-sided surface strap or a single-sided buried strap adjacent to the substrate surface 10. This asymmetric connection between inner capacitor electrode and the transistor is provided by generally known methods.

During the following thermal steps, the polysilicon filling 36 diffuses out passing the buried strap window 4 to the active area 12 to form a buried strap outdiffusion 33.

Next, isolation trenches are formed in a plane before and behind the illustrated drawing plane. Thereafter, the isolation trenches are filled with a silicon dioxide material, whereby the trench top oxide portion 34 is formed. As a result, active area lines 12 are formed with two longer and two shorter sides. The active area lines 12 are delimited on either of the longer sides by isolation trenches 2. The isolation trenches 2 electrically insulate neighboring active area lines 12 from each other. Trench top oxide portions 34 are provided on the shorter sides of the active area lines. The trench top oxide electrically insulates adjacent active area lines assigned to one row of the memory cell array.

FIG. 1B shows a plan view on the resulting structure. Active areas 12 are defined by forming isolation trenches 2. Two isolation trenches are adjacent to one active area 12. In addition, the trench capacitors 3 are formed to intersect the active areas 12. The position of the cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 1A is indicated by broken lines between I and I.

Referring to FIG. 1B, the memory cells have a total area of 8 F² (4 F×2 F), wherein F denotes the minimum lithographic feature size obtained by the technology used. For example, currently, F is 90 to 110 nm, or even less.

Next, gate grooves 5 are formed by etching grooves into the active areas using an appropriate mask for defining the grooves. For example, the grooves extend to the depth of approximately 2 F from the substrate surface 10. Optionally, the bottom of the channel is implanted to provide the channel implantation portion 41. Thereby, the threshold voltage of the access transistor 16 is adjusted. A cross-section of the resulting structure 1 is shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2B shows a plan view on the resulting structure. The trench capacitors are arranged in a checkerboard-like layout, wherein the trenches of adjacent rows are disposed at staggered positions. Between adjacent trenches of one active area, gate grooves 5 are disposed.

Thereafter, a gate oxide layer 80 is formed by generally known methods. In the next step, a polysilicon layer 184 is deposited and recessed so that the lower portion of the gate grooves 5 is filled with the polysilicon layer 184. In addition, a side wall oxide is grown on the side walls of the gate grooves 5. Thereafter, the lightly doped portions of the first and second source/drain regions 121, 122 are provided by performing an angled ion implantation step 13. In this angled ion implantation, the ions are not implanted perpendicularly with respect to the substrate surface 10, but at a predetermined angle so that the first and second source/drain regions 121, 122 extend to a predetermined depth. Optionally, an asymmetric implantation, for example, with phosphorous, is performed to provide the asymmetric doped portion 123 disposed beneath the second source/drain region. By providing the asymmetric doped portion 123, the electrical field at the second source/drain region 122 is decreased and results in a reduced leakage current and an improved retention time.

Optionally, an inner spacer 86 is provided. The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 3.

Next, the horizontal portion of the inner spacer 86 covering the polysilicon layer 184 is removed and a further polysilicon layer 185 is deposited. Thereafter, Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) is performed, thereby obtaining the structure shown in FIG. 4.

Then, the pad nitride layer 17 is removed from the whole surface. Thereby, the array portion and the peripheral portion of the memory device are uncovered. Thereafter, optionally, a silicon dioxide spacer 181 is formed by generally known methods, for example, by conformally depositing a silicon dioxide layer and performing an anisotropic etching step to remove the horizontal portions of the silicon dioxide layer. The oxide spacer 181 reduces the capacitive coupling between the gate contacts to be formed later. Thereafter, a thin silicon nitride liner 182, 186 having a thickness of about 10 nm is formed on the array portion and on the peripheral portion.

The resulting structure is shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B.

FIG. 5A shows a cross-sectional view of the memory cell array. The sidewalls of the gate electrodes 85 and the protruding portions of the trench capacitors 3 are covered with a silicon dioxide spacer 181. The array portion is covered with the silicon nitride liner 182. In addition, FIG. 5B shows a cross-sectional view of the peripheral portion wherein a silicon nitride liner 186 is deposited on the surface 10 of the silicon substrate.

Since according to the present invention forming the gate electrode is separated from forming the word lines, forming the gate electrodes for the transistors in the peripheral portion is separated from forming the word lines in the array portions. Accordingly, in the following the transistors in the peripheral portions are completed. The array portions are covered by the silicon nitride liner 182.

For completing the transistors in the peripheral portion, first the well implants which usually are performed, a reconducted in the peripheral portion. Thereafter, a gate oxide layer 76 is formed, as is known. In addition, the gate electrodes are formed by depositing a polysilicon layer and patterning the polysilicon layer by a generally known method. Since formation of the gate electrode in the peripheral portion is not identical to formation of the word lines in the array portion, the gate electrodes and the material of the gate electrodes in the peripheral portion are optimized. In particular, the gate electrodes in the peripheral portion can be made without tungsten and without a cap nitride.

Thereafter, lightly doped portions of the first and second source/drain regions 71, 72 are defined by performing an implantation and asymmetric doped portions are provided. By this implantation, the lightly doped portions of the array transistor are provided. This implantation is, for example, performed with As ions. Then, a spacer is provided at the side walls of the gate electrodes 7 and removed from the vertical portions in the array portion thereafter. Next, heavily doped portions are provided to form the heavily doped portions of the first and second source/drain electrodes 73, 74. Optionally, a salicidation is performed by depositing a thin layer of a metal, such as Ti, Ni, or Co, performing an annealing step to form TiSi, NiSi, or CoSi, and removing the unreacted portions of the metal layer. Thereafter, a Si₃N₄ liner 187 is deposited in a known manner. The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 6B.

Next, bit line contacts 90 are formed by first, covering the whole array surface with a polysilicon layer (not shown) having a large thickness, and performing a CMP. As a result, the spaces between the trenches and the gate electrodes are filled with a polysilicon material. On the resulting surface, a further polysilicon layer (not shown) is deposited, and a mask layer is provided and patterned. As a result, those portions, at which the bit line contacts are not to be formed, are covered with the mask layer. Using this mask as an etching mask, the polysilicon material is removed from the portions at which the bit line contacts are not to be formed. As a result, the portions at which the bit line contacts 90 are to be formed are filled with polysilicon as a sacrificial material. In the next step, a BPSG layer is deposited and a CMP is performed. Thereafter, the sacrificial material is removed from the portions at which the bit line contacts 90 are to be formed. Next, a reactive ion etching (RIE) may be performed to remove the exposed parts of the horizontal portion of the silicon nitride layer 182. Then, the openings are filled with a conductive material, such as polysilicon or tungsten. Thereafter, a further CMP is performed to obtain the structure shown in FIG. 7.

Thereafter, the bit lines may be formed. For example, a polysilicon layer and a cap nitride layer 91 are deposited and patterned using an appropriate mask. As is shown in FIG. 8, the bit lines are arranged in a direction which may be perpendicular with respect to the active areas 12.

Thereafter, an over-etching is performed to remove the portions of the BPSG layer 19 and the bit line contacts 90, which are not covered by the bit lines. Next, a silicon nitride spacer 92 is formed by a conventional process. Optionally, an additional oxide spacer (not shown) is formed to enable the formation of the gate contacts.

Then, the word lines and the gate contacts are defined. For example, the gate contacts are defined by depositing a BPSG layer 81 and patterning the gate contacts 83. Thereafter, a conductive material may be filled to simultaneously form the gate contacts 83 and the word line layer. The word lines 8 are defined by patterning the deposited conductive layer.

Alternatively, the gate contacts are defined in a similar manner to the bit line contacts. For example, sacrificial plugs of polysilicon are formed at the positions at which the gate contacts are to be formed. Thereafter, a BPSG layer is deposited, followed by a CMP. The sacrificial contacts are then removed, and a conductive layer is deposited. The deposited layer simultaneously forms the gate contacts 83 and the word lines after patterning the word lines using an appropriate mask. A cross-sectional view of the resulting structure is shown in FIG. 10A.

FIG. 10B shows a plan view on the resulting memory cell array, showing bit lines 9 that are perpendicular to the active areas 12. In particular, two bit lines are adjacent to each trench and each gate groove, respectively. The word lines 8 are disposed above the active areas 12. The gate electrodes 85 are connected with the word lines 8 via gate contacts 83. The transistors are connected with the bit lines 9 via bit line contacts 90.

FIG. 11 shows a layout of a memory device incorporating the memory cell array of an embodiment of the present invention. In the central portion of the depicted memory device, the memory cell array including the memory cells 100 is disposed. The memory cells 100 are arranged in a checkerboard pattern, so that the individual memory cells are diagonally arranged with respect to each other. Each memory cell may include a storage capacitor 3 with an inner capacitor electrode 31, an outer capacitor electrode 37, a capacitor dielectric 38, and an access transistor 16. The first source/drain region 121 of the transistor 16 is connected to the inner capacitor electrode 31 and the second source/drain region 122 of the transistor 16 is connected to a corresponding bit line 9. The word line 8 is connected to the gate electrode 85 of the transistor 16.

In operation, one memory cell 100 is selected, for example, by activating one word line 8. The word line 8 is coupled to the gate electrode of a respective one of the transistors 16. The bit line 9 is coupled to the second source/drain region of one of the transistors 16. The transistor 16 is then turned on, coupling the charge stored in the capacitor 3 to the associated bit line 9. The sense amplifier 6 senses the charge coupled from the capacitor 3 to the bit line 9. The sense amplifier 6 compares the obtained signal with a reference signal obtained from a neighboring bit line 9 sensing a signal from a memory cell 100 connected to a neighboring word line 8 that is not activated.

The sense amplifier 6 forms part of the core circuitry, in which as well the word line drivers (not shown) are arranged. The peripheral portion 70 further includes the support region disposed outside the core circuitry.

While an embodiment of the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 

1. An integrated circuit including a memory cell array, comprising: a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell including a transistor; bit lines oriented in a first direction; word lines oriented in a second direction, the second direction intersecting the first direction; and a semiconductor substrate comprising active area lines formed therein, a longer side of each active area line extending in the second direction; wherein transistors of the memory cells are at least partially formed in the active area lines, wherein the transistors comprise gate electrodes, each of the gate electrodes being connected with one of the word lines, and wherein each gate electrode includes a bottom side, each word line includes a bottom side, the bottom side of the gate electrodes being disposed under the bottom side of the word lines, and the word lines are disposed over the bit lines.
 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein each gate electrode is disposed in a groove, the groove extending in a direction perpendicular to the substrate surface.
 3. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the memory cell further comprises: a trench capacitor including: a first capacitor electrode; a second capacitor electrode; and a dielectric layer disposed between the first and second capacitor electrodes, the first and second capacitor electrodes and the dielectric layer being disposed in a trench extending in the semiconductor substrate.
 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the transistors further comprise: gate contacts, each of the gate contacts connecting a respective gate electrode to a corresponding word line.
 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising: an insulating spacer electrically insulating the gate electrode from first and second source/drain regions of the transistor, the insulating spacer extending perpendicularly with respect to the semiconductor substrate surface.
 6. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein a channel of the transistor connecting first and second source/drain regions of the transistor includes vertical portions and a horizontal portion with respect to the substrate surface, the horizontal portion being adjacent to the bottom side of the gate electrode.
 7. The integrated circuit of claim 6, wherein the horizontal portion of the channel includes a region doped with a dopant of a conductivity type of the channel at a higher concentration than a dopant concentration of the channel.
 8. The integrated circuit of claim 6, wherein one of the vertical portions of the channel includes a region doped with a dopant of a conductivity type of the channel at a higher concentration than a dopant concentration of the channel, the doped region being approximate the second source/drain region.
 9. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the word lines comprise metal.
 10. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein a current path of the electrical current flow between first and second source/drain regions of the transistor includes, in sequence, a vertical component, a horizontal component, and another vertical component.
 11. An integrated circuit including a memory cell array, comprising; a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell including a transistor; bit lines oriented in a first direction; word lines oriented in a second direction, the second direction intersecting the first direction; and a semiconductor substrate comprising active area lines formed therein, each active area extending in the second direction; wherein transistors of the memory cells are at least partially formed in the active area lines, wherein the transistors comprise gate electrodes, each of the gate electrodes being connected with one of the word lines, and wherein each gate electrode includes a bottom side, each word line includes a bottom side, the bottom side of the gate electrodes being disposed under the bottom side of the word lines, and wherein an upper surface of each of the word lines is disposed over an upper surface of each of the bit lines.
 12. An integrated circuit including a memory cell array, comprising: active area lines formed in a semiconductor substrate; and a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell including a transistor, the memory cells being at least partially formed in the active area lines, individual ones of the transistors including: first and second source/drain regions; a channel region extending between the first and second source/drain regions, the channel region including vertical portions and a horizontal portion with respect to a surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the horizontal portion of the channel includes a region doped with a dopant of a conductivity type of the channel region at a higher concentration than a dopant concentration of other regions of the channel region; and a gate electrode disposed along the channel region and configured to control an electrical current flowing between the first and second source/drain regions, wherein the horizontal portion of the channel region is adjacent to a bottom side of the gate electrode.
 13. An integrated circuit including a memory cell array, comprising: a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell including a transistor; bit lines oriented in a first direction; word lines oriented in a second direction intersecting the first direction; a semiconductor substrate comprising a plurality of active area lines formed therein, a longer side of each active area line extending in the second direction such that the active area lines are parallel to the word lines, wherein the transistors of the memory cells are at least partially formed in the active area lines, individual ones of the transistors including: a gate electrode coupled to a respective word line.
 14. An integrated circuit including a memory cell array, comprising: a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell including a transistor; bit lines oriented in a first direction; word lines oriented in a second direction intersecting the first direction; a semiconductor substrate comprising a plurality of active area lines formed therein, wherein the transistors of the memory cells are at least partially formed in the active area lines, individual ones of the transistors including: a gate electrode coupled to a respective word line, wherein an upper surface of each of the word lines is disposed over an upper surface of each of the bit lines. 